According to the pattern, there are 5 columns on 1 st row, 4 columns on 2 nd row and so on. Means starting from 5 columns and then decreasing it at each row.
PHP language is a popular server-side scripting language. If you are willing to learn PHP, then it is essential to grasp the concepts of how you can make different logics to solve a problem. There could be different PHP code for every problem because every person thinks differently. If you want to try any problem with your logic and you should try.
This is how you learn. Good luck! Additional menu facebook twitter youtube. Table of Contents. Leap year is a year which occurs once every four years. Even or Odd number. Divide them by 2. If the remainder is 0, then print that it is an even number else print odd number.
Medium-term outcomes are what you would expect to follow on from the short-term outcomes you have identified. So if you have identified an increase in staff or parental knowledge as a short-term outcome, the medium-term outcome is likely to be the application of that knowledge, for example a change in behaviour. Inputs are the resources that you have which you are able to draw on to address the problem identified in your problem statement.
It is good to think of both the material resources e. The activities are the things that you do. This is likely to include running the program and training staff. It might also include developing a program manual and resources, or providing referrals to families. It is good to be specific about the numbers of program sessions you will run. This describes who will be involved. It is good to clearly define the target group for your program and include relevant information about this population group for example age or cultural background.
As well as the target group, you should include information about staff and others that may be involved e. Making assumptions explicit is a really important part of the logic model. Assumptions are the beliefs we have about our program, the people involved, and how it will work. Unexamined assumptions are a big risk to program success. Shakman and Rodruiqez suggest asking "what is known, and what is being assumed? It is worth spending some time on this section, and asking a range of people involved in the program to help you identify a full list of assumptions so you can address them.
This element of a program logic requires you to consider the environment in which your program is being delivered.
Economic, political, cultural, historical and social contexts all impact the way your program is delivered, and the outcomes that you can achieve.
Likewise, your program has potential to impact some of these factors too. For example, a change in the demographics of an area may mean you need to reconsider the target group for your program. We have developed a downloadable logic model [PDF, KB] checklist that you can use to review your draft logic model. This checklist is slightly adapted from a worksheet in the University of Wisconsin-Exchange logic model resources:.
Once your program logic is completed, it is a useful tool to plan your evaluation. The outcomes columns in the project will give you an idea of what you should be trying to measure. It is good to try to measure both short and medium term outcomes. It is more difficult to measure the long term or impact outcomes, as the impact usually takes a long time to be realised, and there are many external factors that affect it, making it difficult to establish how much of the long term or impact outcome was the result of your program, and how much was the result of external factors.
The following may be particularly useful:. Templates, resources and a free online course are available through the University of Wisconsin-Exchange. A workshop toolkit Logic models for program design, implementation, and evaluation and a reference guide Logic models: A tool for designing and monitoring program evaluation from the US Department of Education.
Evaluation framework for health promotion and disease prevention programs from the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services. Lawton, B. Logic models: A tool for designing and monitoring program evaluations. Washington, DC: U. McCawley, P. Idaho: University of Idaho Extension. Logic Model. Logic models can: Vary in size and complexity Focus on a specific aspect of your TB program, such as a single evaluation question or objective, or encompass the entire program Be used to develop evaluation plans Be revised and updated to reflect changes in activities, new evidence, and lessons learned Logic models are useful tools for program planning and evaluation because they: Guide staff in thinking about and evaluating their program Identify assumptions and potential challenges Assist in identifying intended programmatic outcomes Organize, connect, and identify gaps in evaluation efforts Thinking of a logic model as a series of if.
Logic Model Component Definitions. Inputs are the resources dollars, staffing, and materials that go into a program or intervention — what we invest.
Activities are events undertaken by the program or partners to produce desired outcomes — what we do. Outputs are the direct, tangible results of activities — what we get. Outcomes are the desired results of the program — what we achieve. Short-term outcomes are the immediate effects of the program or intervention activities. Intermediate outcomes are the intended effects that occur over the midterm of the project period.
Long-term outcomes refer to the desired program results.
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